The tengu, an emblematic creature of Japanese folklore, has fascinated for centuries with its striking appearance and complex role in Japanese mythology. Half-man, half-bird, this red-faced, long-nosed yokai embodies both threat and protection, oscillating between malevolent demon and tutelary deity. From sacred mountains to Buddhist temples, the tengu has left its mark on the Japanese imagination, evolving over time to become a key figure in popular culture. Let's delve into the mysterious world of this long-nosed demon, whose history reflects the transformations of Japanese society itself.
Origins and evolution of tengu in Japanese mythology
The tengu's roots go back to Japanese antiquity, with mentions in early written texts such as the Nihon Shoki (720). Initially, the tengu was depicted as a creature with canine characteristics, inspired by the "heavenly dog" (天狗, tengu) of Chinese mythology. Over the centuries, its appearance evolved to become more avian, perhaps reflecting the influence of the Buddhist deity Garuda.
The evolution of the tengu is closely linked to Japan's religious history. Initially considered an enemy of Buddhism, it was associated with the vengeful spirits of arrogant or heretical monks. Buddhism and Shinto influenced his perception, gradually transforming him into a more ambivalent figure, both feared and respected.
In the Middle Ages, the tengu became a central character in numerous legends, such as that of the emperor Sanjô, blinded by a vengeful tengu. These stories testify to the growing importance of the tengu in the Japanese collective imagination, reflecting the social and religious tensions of the time.
Appearance and characteristics of the tengu
The tengu's appearance has evolved considerably over time. His crimson-red face, piercing eyes and long nose have become his most recognizable features. This prominent nose, according to the Nihon Shoki, measures "seven palms long" and is an anthropomorphization of an original beak.
The different types of tengu
Roles and powers attributed to tengu
The tengu in Japanese popular culture
Where to meet tengu in Japan
Although tengu are mythical creatures, many places in Japan are associated with their legend. Mount Kurama, near Kyoto, is particularly famous for its association with Sōjōbō, the king of the tengu. Visitors can explore the Kurama-dera temple and surrounding hiking trails, imbued with the mystical atmosphere linked to the tengu legends.
In Tokyo, Mount Takao is another site renowned for its tengu connections. The Yakuo-in temple, located on the mountain, houses tengu statues and organizes festivals in their honor. It's an ideal place to discover tengu folklore while enjoying a picturesque hike.
Several festivals across Japan celebrate tengu:
- The Numata festival in Gunma prefecture, where large tengu masks are paraded through the streets.
- In Osaka, an October festival allows women to be "touched" by a tengu to ensure healthy children.
- The town of Furubira in Hokkaido organizes festivals where tengu walk on fire.
For travellers interested in exploring these mythical places, why not rent a car to visit Gunma on your own? Or discover Nagano on one of our organized tours! to visit Mount Izuna, home of the famous tengu Izuna Saburō.
Meaning and symbolism of the tengu in Japanese culture
The tengu embodies a profound duality in Japanese culture. Both demon and deity, he symbolizes the mysterious forces of nature and the complexity of spiritual experience. Its evolution from enemy of Buddhism to protector of the mountains reflects changes in religious and philosophical perception in Japan.
In the martial arts tradition, the tengu represents ultimate mastery and hidden wisdom. Its association with the martial arts makes it a symbol of excellence and discipline, inspiring practitioners to transcend their human limitations.
The tengu's long nose has become a symbol of arrogance and vanity in Japanese culture. The expression "tengu ni naru" (to become a tengu) warns against the dangers of excessive pride, reminding us of the importance of humility in Japanese society.
Today, the tengu continues to fascinate and inspire, serving as a bridge between the mythological past and the present. He embodies Japan's ability to preserve its traditions while reinventing them for future generations. The tengu thus remains a powerful symbol of Japanese cultural identity, reminding us of the importance of balancing respect for tradition with openness to change.
For those wishing to deepen their understanding of traditional Japanese culture, And to discover an authentic and bucolic Japan at the gateway to Kyoto, offers a unique experience in the heart of the landscapes that have nurtured these fascinating legends. To discover a mystical Japan, discover our tour by car: L'âme Shinto Dans Les Embruns (The Shinto Soul in the Sea Spray), which will plunge you into the spiritual atmosphere that gave birth to the legends of the tengu and other mythical creatures of Japan.
